Thermodynamics
Boyle’s, Charles’ & Gay-Lussac’s Gas Laws: Formulas & Examples
Push down on a bicycle pump and you feel the air push back harder the further you compress it. Leave…
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Thermal Energy & Internal Energy: Heat, Temperature & Q = mcΔT
Touch a hot stove and you feel pain instantly. Hold an ice cube and your fingers go numb within seconds.…
Thermodynamics
Thermal Expansion: Formula ΔL = αL₀ΔT, Types & Worked Examples
Heat a metal rod and it grows longer. Cool it down and it shrinks back. This everyday behavior is called…
Classical Mechanics
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: F = Gm₁m₂/r² Full Guide
Every apple that falls, every planet that orbits, and every tide that rises is governed by one deceptively simple idea.…
Classical Mechanics
Hooke’s Law F = kx: Spring Constant, Elastic PE & 3 Worked Examples
Hookes law and springs go hand in hand, since this single equation, F = kx, explains why a spring pushes…
Classical Mechanics
Buoyancy & Archimedes’ Principle: F = ρVg Formula & Worked Examples
Drop a steel needle in water and it sinks. Drop a steel ship into the same water and it floats.…
Classical Mechanics
Centre of Gravity vs Centre of Mass: Definition & Applications
Push a pencil off the edge of a table slowly and there is a precise point at which it tips…
Classical Mechanics
Centripetal vs Centrifugal Force: What’s Real & What’s Not
Spin a bucket of water fast enough in a vertical circle and the water stays in, even upside down. Ride…
Classical Mechanics
Bernoulli’s Principle: P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant
Bernoulli’s principle is one of the most practical ideas in all of fluid dynamics, explaining everything from why airplanes generate…
Classical Mechanics
Conservation of Energy: Law, Forms & Worked Examples
Energy is at the center of almost every physical process in the universe, and the conservation of energy is the…